Kune mhando dzakawanda dzezvinhu zvinoramba kushandiswa uye nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuisa muzvikamu. Kune mhando nhanhatu dzakazara.
Chekutanga, zvichienderana nemakemikari emhando ye refractory mbishi zvinhu
Inogona kukamurwa kuita zvinhu zvisina oxide uye zvinhu zvisina oxide. Nekuvandudzwa kwesainzi netekinoroji yemazuva ano, mamwe makemikari eorganic ave zvinhu zvekutanga kana zvinhu zvekubatsira zvezvinhu zvine simba rekudzivirira moto.
Chechipiri, zvichienderana nemakemikari ekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinoramba kugadzwa
Zvichienderana nehunhu hwemakemikari, zvinhu zvinodzivirira moto zvinogona kukamurwa kuita zvinhu zvinodzivirira moto zvine acid, zvakaita sesilika, zircon, nezvimwewo; zvinhu zvinodzivirira moto zvisina neutral, zvakaita se corundum, bauxite (acidic), mullite (acidic), pyrite (alkaline), graphite, nezvimwewo; zvinhu zvinodzivirira moto zvine alkaline, zvakaita se magnesia, dolomite jecha, magnesia calcium jecha, nezvimwewo.
Tatu, zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwebasa rekugadzira
Zvichienderana nebasa rayo mukugadzirwa kwechinhu chisingadiwi, zvinhu zvisingadiwi zvinogona kukamurwa kuita zvinhu zvikuru uye zvinhu zvinobatsira.
Chinhu chikuru chakagadzirwa nesimbi ndicho chinhu chikuru chinoshandiswa musimbi. Zvinhu zvinobatsira zvinogona kukamurwa kuita zvinhu zvinosunga uye zvinowedzerwa. Basa resimbi iyi nderekuita kuti simba resimbi rive nesimba rakakwana mukugadzirwa nekushandiswa. Zvinowanzoshandiswa sulfite pulp waste liquid, asphalt, phenolic resin, aluminate cement, sodium silicate, phosphoric acid uye phosphate, sulfate, uye zvimwe zvezvinhu zvikuru zvine basa resimbi dzinosunga, zvakaita sevhu rakasungirirwa; Basa resimbi nderekuvandudza kugadzirwa kana kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinosunga, kana kusimbisa zvimwe zvinhu zvinosunga, zvakaita se stabilizer, water reducing agent, inhibitor, plasticizer, foaming agent dispersant, expansion agent, antioxidant, nezvimwewo.
Zvina, zvichienderana nerudzi rweacid nebase classification
Zvichienderana neacid nealkali, zvinhu zvinoramba kukora zvinogona kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zvishanu zvinotevera.
(1) Zvinhu zvekugadzira zvine asidhi
Zvikurukuru zvinhu zvisina kuchena, zvakaita se quartz, squamquartz, quartzite, chalcedony, chert, opal, quartzite, jecha jena resilica, diatomite, zvinhu izvi zvisina kuchena zvine silica (SiO2) zviri mukati me90%, zvinhu zvisina kuchena zvine silica inosvika 99%. Zvinhu zvisina kuchena zvine acidic mukupisa kwakanyanya, kana paine ma oxide esimbi, kana kana zvasangana nekushanda kwemakemikari, uye zvakabatanidzwa kuita fusible silicates. Saka, kana zvinhu zvisina kuchena zvine oxide shoma yesimbi, zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kupisa kwayo.
(2) zvinhu zvakabikwa zvine acid yakawanda
Ivhu rinonyanya kusimba. Kare, ivhu rainyorwa sezvinhu zvine acidic, asi hazvina kukodzera. Acid yezvinhu zvisina acidic inobva pa free silica (SiO2) semuviri mukuru, nekuti zvichienderana nemakemikari evhu rinosimba uye zvinhu zvine silica, free silica iri muvhu rinosimba ishoma pane zvinhu zvisina silica.
Nekuti kune 30% ~ 45% alumina muvhu rinogara richiramba, uye alumina haiwanzove yakasununguka, inosungirwa kusanganiswa ne silica kuita kaolinite (Al2O3 · 2SiO2 · 2H2O), kunyangwe paine huwandu hushoma hwe silica, basa racho diki kwazvo. Nokudaro, hunhu hwe acid hwe ivhu rinoramba richiramba husina kusimba kupfuura hwezvinhu zve siliceous. Vamwe vanhu vanotenda kuti ivhu rinoramba richiramba richiramba richiora pakupisa kwakanyanya kuita free silicate, free alumina, asi hazvina kuchinja, free silicate uye free alumina zvichabatanidzwa kuita quartz (3Al2O3 · 2SiO2) kana zvikaramba zvichipiswa. Quartz ine acid resistance yakanaka kune alkaline slag, uye nekuda kwekuwedzera kwealumina composition muvhu rinoramba richiramba, acid substance yakaderera zvishoma nezvishoma, apo alumina yakasvika 50%, alkaline kana neutral properties, kunyanya yakagadzirwa nezvidhinha zvevhu pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, high density, fine compact, low porosity, resistance kune alkaline slag yakasimba kupfuura silica pasi pemamiriro ekupisa kwakanyanya. Quartz inononokawo zvikuru kana tichitarisa kukura kwayo, saka tinoona zvakakodzera kuisa ivhu risingagadzike muzvikamu serine acid. Ivhu risingagadzike ndiro rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri isingagadzike.
(3) zvinhu zvisina kwazvakarerekera
Zvinhu zvisina kusimba zvakanyanya zvinosanganisira chromite, graphite, silicon carbide (yekugadzira), pasi pemamiriro ekunze ekupisa hazvisangani neacid kana alkaline slag. Pari zvino kune zvinhu zviviri zvakadaro zvakasikwa, chromite negraphite. Kuwedzera kune natural graphite, kune artificial graphite, zvinhu izvi zvisina kusimba zvakanyanya, zvine resistance yakakura neslag, inonyanya kukodzera zvinhu zvisina kusimba zvealkaline uye acid refractory insulation.
(4) zvinhu zvekugadzira zvine alkaline zvinoramba kusimba
Zvikuru magnesite (magnesite), dolomite, lime, olivine, serpentine, high alumina oxygen raw materials (dzimwe nguva neutral), zvinhu izvi zvine simba rekudzivirira alkaline slag, zvinonyanya kushandiswa mu masonry alkaline furnace, asi zvinonyanya nyore uye acid slag chemical reaction uye inova munyu.
(5) Zvinhu zvakakosha zvinoramba kusimba
Zvikurukuru zirconia, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, cerium oxide, thorium oxide, yttrium oxide nezvimwewo. Zvinhu izvi zvine mwero wakasiyana wekudzivirira marudzi ese etsvina, asi nekuti chinhu chacho hachina kunyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yakawanda isingashandisike, chinogona kushandiswa chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akakosha, saka chinonzi zvinhu zvakakosha zvekudzivirira moto.
Zvishanu, zvichienderana nechizvarwa chekupatsanura zvinhu zvakagadzirwa
Zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa, zvinogona kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zviviri zvezvinhu zvakasikwa uye zvekugadzira zvinhu zvakagadzirwa.
(1) zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinoramba kusimba
Zvicherwa zvechisikigo zvichiri chinhu chikuru chezvinhu zvakasikwa. Zvicherwa zvinowanikwa muzvisikwa zvinoumbwa nezvinhu zvinozviumba. Parizvino, zvave pachena kuti huwandu hwese hweokisijeni, silicon nearuminiyamu hunoita 90% yehuwandu hwese hwezvinhu zviri muganda, uye oxide, silicate uye aluminosilicate minerals zvine zvakanakira zviri pachena, izvo zviri matura makuru ezvigadzirwa zvechisikigo.
China ine zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvezviwanikwa zvinoramba kucheneswa, zvakasiyana-siyana. Magnesite, bauxite, graphite nezvimwe zvinogona kunzi mbiru nhatu dzezvinhu zvekuChina zvinoramba kucheneswa; Magnesite nebauxite, nzvimbo dzakakura, dzemhando yepamusoro; Ivhu remhando yepamusoro rinoramba kucheneswa, silica, dolomite, magnesia dolomite, magnesia olivine, serpentine, zircon nezvimwe zviwanikwa zvakapararira zvakanyanya.
Mhando huru dzezvinhu zvakasikwa ndedzinoti: silica, quartz, diatomite, wax, ivhu, bauxite, cyanite mineral raw materials, magnesite, dolomite, limestone, magnesite olivine, serpentine, talc, chlorite, zircon, plagiozircon, perlite, chromium iron uye natural graphite.
Zvitanhatu, Zvichienderana nemakemikari, zvinhu zvechisikigo zvinoramba kukora zvinogona kukamurwa kuita:
Siliceous: senge crystalline silica, quartz jecha rakaiswa silica, nezvimwewo;
② semi-siliceous (phyllachite, nezvimwewo)
③ Ivhu: senge ivhu rakaoma, ivhu rakapfava, nezvimwewo; Sanganisa ivhu nevhu rinopenya
(4) Aruminiyamu yakakwira: inozivikanwawo sejade, senge bauxite yakawanda, sillimanite minerals;
⑤ Magnesium: magnesite;
⑥ Dolomite;
⑦ Chromite [(Fe,Mg)O·(Cr,Al)2O3];
Zircon (ZrO2·SiO2).
Zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinowanzova netsvina yakawanda, musanganiswa wacho hauna kugadzikana, mashandiro acho anochinja-chinja zvakanyanya, zvinhu zvishoma chete zvinogona kushandiswa zvakananga, zvizhinji zvacho zvinofanirwa kucheneswa, kuyera kana kutoiswa calcium kuti zvisangane nezvinodiwa pakugadzira zvinhu zvinoramba kusimba.
(2) zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvinodzivirira moto
Mhando dzezvicherwa zvechisikigo zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu zvitsva dzakaganhurirwa, uye kazhinji hazvikwanise kusangana nezvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro uye tekinoroji yepamusoro-soro yezvinodiwa zvakakosha zveindasitiri yemazuva ano. Zvinhu zvitsva zvinogadziriswa zvinogona kusvika zvizere kuumbwa kwemakemikari nemaumbirwo evanhu, magadzirirwo azvo akachena, akakora, kuumbwa kwemakemikari kuri nyore kudzora, saka mhando yacho yakagadzikana, inogona kugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogadziriswa, ndiyo huru yezvinhu zvemazuva ano zvehunyanzvi hwepamusoro uye tekinoroji yepamusoro-soro. Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogadziriswa zvinogadziriswa kuri kukurumidza zvikuru mumakore makumi maviri apfuura.
Zvinhu zvekugadzira zvinoramba kugadzirwa zvinosanganisira magnesium aruminiyamu spinel, synthetic mullite, seawater magnesia, synthetic magnesium cordierite, sintered corundum, aruminiyamu titanate, silicon carbide nezvimwewo.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-19-2023
